1

Paul Bunyan

Image: Abby Savage

Paul Bunyan , the colossal lumberjack of American folklore, is said to have cleared forests from the Northeast to the Pacific Northwest. With his blue ox, Babe , he performed incredible feats of strength, like carving out the Grand Canyon just by dragging his axe behind him, and creating the Great Lakes with his footprints.

Originating in oral traditions among lumberjacks, Bunyan’s exaggerated exploits gained momentum with the American westward expansion during the 19th century and soon became deeply ingrained in the popular imagination.

2

Johnny Appleseed

Image: Aarón Blanco Tejedor

Born John Chapman, Johnny Appleseed wandered the American frontier planting apple trees and spreading goodwill in the early 19th century. A devout Christian, he became a folk hero for his kindness, environmentalism, and pioneering spirit.

Contrary to the popular image of Johnny Appleseed randomly scattering apple seeds, he was a skilled nurseryman who meticulously planted apple tree nurseries. Each nursery was carefully fenced to shield the saplings from livestock and wildlife. After establishing these nurseries, he entrusted them to neighbors but revisited them periodically.

3

Pecos Bill

Image: JosephHershMedia

Pecos Bill , a fictional cowboy raised by coyotes in the wilds of Texas, became a larger-than-life figure known for taming cyclones and roping tornadoes. His adventures, first popularized in the early 20th century, embody the frontier spirit and Texas mythology, blending humor with tales of rugged individualism.

Among his many tales, one credits him with creating the Gulf of Mexico . According to legend, during a severe drought in Texas, Pecos Bill lassoed a storm cloud in California and brought it to Texas. The resulting deluge caused extensive flooding, ultimately forming the Gulf.

4

Davy Crockett

Image: Joseph Corl

Davy Crockett , known as the "King of the Wild Frontier," was a real-life frontiersman later turned politician whose exploits were mythologized even during his lifetime. Born in East Tennessee, he quickly gained fame for his sharp hunting skills and captivating storytelling.

During his time in the U.S. Congress, he staunchly opposed many of President Andrew Jackson’s policies, particularly the Indian Removal Act, and championed the rights of small landowners. Crockett’s life ended with valor at the Battle of the Alamo , solidifying his folk legend as a symbol of courage and patriotism. His legacy remains an enduring part of American history.

5

Calamity Jane

Image: Vidar Nordli-Mathisen

Martha Jane Canary, better known by her alias Calamity Jane, was a frontierswoman and scout famed for her sharpshooting skills and daredevil exploits. During her youth, she stepped up to provide for her large family, taking on various jobs, from ox team driver to scout for Fort Russell. Eventually, she embraced the rough and adventurous lifestyle that made her a legend.

Despite her fearsome reputation, Calamity Jane was compassionate and often helped those in need. Her adventures in the Wild West alongside figures like Wild Bill Hickok cemented her status as a legend of the American frontier.

6

Molly Pitcher

Image: Garry T

Molly Pitcher, the nickname given to Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley, became famous for her bravery during the American Revolutionary War. Although several historical figures are known by this moniker for similar deeds, Mary Ludwig Hays distinguished herself during the Battle of Monmouth in June 1778, where she served as a water carrier for the soldiers.

When her husband, an artilleryman in the Continental Army, fell to enemy fire, she took his place, swabbing and loading the cannon with such bravery and determination that she earned a commendation from George Washington.

7

Daniel Boone

Image: Scott Longerbeam

Daniel Boone was a legendary frontiersman and explorer who blazed trails through the Appalachian Mountains and into Kentucky. Born in 1734, Boone became famous for his expert hunting and survival skills, as well as his role in establishing the Wilderness Road, a trail that facilitated westward migration through the Cumberland Gap.

After serving as a militia officer during the Revolutionary War, he was briefly taken in by the Shawnees in the Northeastern Woodlands. After a few years, he returned and continued to help protect the Kentucky settlements.

8

Buffalo Bill

Image: Judy Beth Morris

William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody was a legendary figure of the American West, known for his Wild West shows that toured the United States and Europe. Born in 1846, Cody was a skilled buffalo hunter, Army scout, and showman who brought cowboy skills and frontier life to audiences worldwide.

He earned his nickname after the Civil War by providing Kansas Pacific Railroad workers with buffalo meat, hunting record numbers of the animal. He even engaged in hunting competitions with his partner, Bill Comstock. His legendary figure has been frequently portrayed in film and television, especially during the height of the Western genre in the 1960s.

9

Wild Bill Hickok

Image: Pablò

James Butler Hickok, famously known as Wild Bill Hickok, was a legendary figure of the American Old West. Born in 1837, Hickok gained fame as a skilled marksman, gambler, and lawman.

Though his exploits were certainly exaggerated by the outlandish tales he told about himself, he was involved in several notorious gunfights during his life. Most notably, he dueled with Davis Tutt, a local gambler with whom he had various disagreements, particularly over their mutual affection for the same woman.

10

John Henry

Image: Lucio Patone

John Henry was a legendary steel-driving man whose man-against-machine tale epitomized the strength and resilience of the American worker. An African American freedman, his dangerous job involved hammering steel drills into rocks to create holes for explosives used to blast open railroad tunnels.

According to the legend, John Henry's prowess was tested in a race against a steam-powered drill. He won the race but tragically died after victory, hammer in hand when his heart gave out from the immense physical stress.

1

Pancakes

Image: Ala

Imagine you are a tourist in Michigan and decide to go for pancakes. You enter a suitable establishment, sit at the counter, and ask… what, exactly? Yes, most people call them pancakes, and there is a fair chance that you will receive just that without further questions, but if you want to speak like a local, you will ask for flapjacks .

The "flap" part of flapjack is derived from the word the British used to mean "flip." As for the "jack" part, historians say it may refer to the small size of the pancake because "jack" referred to something that was small. You’ll hear pancakes more in the North and flapjacks in the South, but there are exceptions, such as the Flapjack Shack in Traverse City, Michigan.

2

Dessert Toppings

Image: Kate Trysh

For many Americans, dessert toppings for ice creams and milkshakes are like cheese on a pizza: a must. If you happen to be one of them and are visiting New England, you should know that the local word for toppings is " with jimmies. "

Jimmies are a subgroup of the larger category of dessert toppings known as sprinkles, although people across the U.S. might use the terms interchangeably. Jimmies are cylindrical sprinkles, but some people use the word to refer specifically to chocolate or colored varieties. As for round sprinkles, they are technically marketed as nonpareils.

3

Cold Sandwiches

Image: Allen Rad

The word "sandwich" has come to represent practically any food that is stuffed between two pieces of bread and can be eaten—usually—with your hands. But in certain regions of America, this ubiquitous food item goes by different names.

Pennsylvania has its own term: hoagie . Back in the day, the Italian-American community lived in an area called Hog Island, and local cooks were known for their big "Hog Island Sandwiches," which eventually became known as "hoagies." In New England, many people call a sandwich a grinder . That’s because it’s traditionally made from Italian bread, which has a thicker crust than the typical sandwich bread.

4

Stuffing or Dressing?

Image: Louis Hansel

In the northern parts of the U.S., stuffing refers to the thick mixture of seasoned breadcrumbs or croutons often used to fill poultry dishes.

But, in the southern parts of the country, the word used to describe that is dressing . Yes, the same word that is used in the North to describe any kind of liquid topping for salads. It can be confusing, right?

5

Pop or Soda?

Image: Taylor Swayze

Soft drinks are referred to by different names in different parts of the country. If you are on the East Coast, along the Illinois-Missouri border, in southeastern Wisconsin, California, or nearby areas, you probably call it soda .

However, if you are from the Great Plains region or the Midwest, you likely refer to it as pop . And, if you refer to it as Coke or cola —whether it’s Coca-Cola or something else—you’re most likely from the South.

6

Jelly donuts as Bismarck

Image: Leon Ephraïm

Jelly donuts are quintessentially American. These delicious pastries filled with sweet jelly are everywhere—and for good reason. However, in the midwestern region of the country, as well as in Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada, jelly donuts have a different name altogether.

That is because the German immigrants who settled in the region named the dessert "Bismarck" after the 19th-century Prussian chancellor, Otto von Bismarck because those pastries were a favorite snack of his.

7

Milkshakes as "frappes"

Image: Sebastian Coman Photography

A milkshake and a frappe are pretty much the same thing across most of the country—and even the world, we dare say. However, that’s not the case in New England. If you were to ask for a milkshake in that area, you would receive a slightly different—but equally delicious—beverage.

Nearly everywhere else in the U.S., a milkshake is made with milk, ice cream, and syrup blended together. But in New England, that's a recipe for a frappe . A milkshake in that part of America consists of just milk and syrup, shaken or blended until a foamy head appears.

8

Casseroles as a hotdish

Image: sheri silver

A casserole is a warm dish made by layering meat, vegetables, and noodles, along with a can of condensed soup thrown into the mix and then taken to the oven. However, in Minnesota, that same recipe is called a hot dish.

According to Howard Mohr, author of How to Talk Minnesotan , "A traditional main course, hotdish is cooked and served hot in a single baking dish and commonly appears at family reunions and church suppers."

9

Poached Egg vs. Dropped Egg

Image: Unsplash

New England has appeared a couple of times already on this list, and it’s about to make another appearance. In most parts of the country, the cooking technique of gently dropping an egg into boiling water is called "poaching an egg."

But in New England, the name for this technique has a much more literal term, calling this particular preparation a dropped egg .

10

Peppers and Mangoes

Image: Paul Morley

We’ll close this list with perhaps the most curious case of regional naming we came across. In the Midwestern region of the country, a "mango" does not refer to the tropical fruit commonly known as a mango.

Instead, if a midwesterner asks for a mango at a local grocery store, they will receive a mild, green bell pepper . The suggested explanation for this is that as green bell peppers ripen, they develop red-gold splotches that make them look similar to mangos.

1

Apollo 11 touched down with roughly 30 seconds of reserve fuel

As Eagle descended toward the Sea of Tranquility on July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong looked out the window and realized the computer was guiding them straight into a field of car-sized boulders.

He took semi-manual control, tilting the module forward to search for a clearer patch of ground while Mission Control in Houston counted down the remaining fuel out loud . Sixty seconds. Then 30. Buzz Aldrin called out altitude and speed as dust kicked up by the engine made it nearly impossible to judge distance. Armstrong finally set Eagle down with somewhere between 20 and 25 seconds of fuel left before an automatic abort would have kicked in, a margin thinner than most people realize watching the calm broadcast years later.

2

The iconic lunar flag was an altered five-dollar store-bought banner

With less than three months before launch, NASA engineer Jack Kinzler was handed an unusual assignment: figure out how to make a flag look like it was flying on a world with no wind.

Kinzler, known around the Manned Spacecraft Center as Mr. Fix It, remembered watching his mother hang curtains as a child and sketched a horizontal rod that would run through the top of an ordinary nylon flag , letting it hang stiff instead of drooping.

3

Playtex seamstresses hand-stitched the Apollo spacesuits

In a former girdle factory in Dover, Delaware, women who had spent years sewing Playtex bras and girdles found themselves building the suit that would keep Neil Armstrong alive on the Moon.

NASA had tried stiff, engineered suits from aerospace contractors first, but nothing offered the mobility required for a human body. The International Latex Corporation, the company behind Playtex, won the contract instead, and its seamstresses stitched together 21 layers of nylon, Teflon-coated fabric, and rubber by hand, working to a tolerance of one 64th of an inch on ordinary Singer machines. No automated equipment could be trusted with a mistake that meant the difference between life and death in a vacuum, so the same hands that once sewed Cross Your Heart bras sewed history instead.

4

Ham the Astrochimp completed a suborbital flight in 1961

Three weeks of training at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico came down to one morning: January 31, 1961.

A three-and-a-half-year-old chimpanzee, known to engineers simply as Number 65, was strapped into a Mercury capsule atop a Redstone rocket that launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida. His job was to pull levers in response to lights, proving an astronaut's mind could still function under the crushing forces of launch. A malfunction pushed the flight higher and faster than planned, reaching 157 miles and landing far off course in the Atlantic. He survived, tired and dehydrated but unharmed , and only afterward was given the name Ham, for the lab that trained him. Three months later, Alan Shepard became the first American in space.

5

Michael Collins became the most isolated person in human history

While Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the lunar surface, their crewmate Michael Collins circled overhead alone in the command module Columbia.

For roughly 47 minutes of every two-hour orbit, the entire body of the Moon passed between Columbia and Earth, cutting off every radio signal from Mission Control and from his two crewmates below. Flight commentator Charlie Duke described it on the air: "not since Adam has any human known such solitude." Collins later wrote that he never actually felt lonely during those blackout stretches, only quietly aware that he was, by any physical measure, the single most isolated human being who had ever lived, with three billion people on one side of the Moon and just himself on the other.

6

The Soviet Union made the first lunar impact in 1959

On September 12, 1959, a Soviet spacecraft the size of a large beach ball lifted off from Baikonur, deep in the Kazakh steppe. Two days later, Luna 2 slammed into the Moon near the craters Aristillus and Autolycus , becoming the first human-made object to ever touch another world.

Engineers in Moscow had built in a strange detail: the probe carried small metal pennants stamped with the hammer and sickle, meant to scatter across the lunar surface on impact. The timing stung in Washington. Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev arrived in the United States for a state visit just days later, carrying a replica pennant as a gift for President Eisenhower, a not-so-subtle reminder of who had reached the Moon first.

7

Apollo 11 concluded the initial Space Race

In May 1961, President John F. Kennedy stood before Congress and made a promise that sounded impossible: the U.S. would land a man on the Moon and bring him home safely before the decade was out.

Eight years, several deaths, and one nearly disastrous fire later, Neil Armstrong stepped off the ladder of the lunar module Eagle on July 20, 1969 , and told millions watching on television that it was one small step for a man. Buzz Aldrin followed him down minutes later while Michael Collins orbited above in the command module. The landing settled a technological race that had begun with Sputnik in 1957, and for the United States, it closed the gap the Soviets had opened years earlier.

8

The lunar module was built without seats

Every extra pound sent to the Moon meant thousands of extra pounds of fuel needed to get it there, so NASA engineers stripped the lunar module Eagle down to its bare essentials, cutting anything that was not strictly necessary for survival.

One of the first things to go was seating. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin flew their roughly 60-mile descent to the lunar surface standing up , held in place by cables and foot restraints, much like subway commuters gripping a pole during rush hour. Standing also gave the astronauts a clearer view out the small triangular windows, which mattered enormously once Armstrong realized the automatic system was steering them toward a boulder field. The decision made purely for weight savings ended up helping save the landing itself.

9

Apollo 11 astronauts signed an official customs declaration upon return

After traveling nearly half a million miles round trip, the crew of Apollo 11 still had one more piece of paperwork waiting for them back on Earth.

On July 24, 1969, the day their capsule splashed down in the Pacific near Hawaii, Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins signed a standard United States Customs form filed at Honolulu Airport. Under departure point, the document read simply Moon. Arrival was listed as Honolulu, Hawaii. In the cargo section, the astronauts declared moon rock and moon dust samples, treating a piece of another world the same way any traveler might declare a bottle of duty-free perfume. The form even asked about any condition on board that could spread disease, and the honest answer at the time was simply to be determined.

10

Apollo 8 astronauts captured the "Earthrise" photograph

On Christmas Eve of 1968, astronaut Bill Anders was aiming his camera at the gray, cratered surface below when something in the window caught his eye. Earth, blue and impossibly small, was rising over the lunar horizon.

Anders, Frank Borman, and Jim Lovell had just become the first humans to orbit the Moon, and none of NASA's flight plans had accounted for this moment. Anders grabbed a color film magazine and fired off the shot in a matter of seconds, later admitting the photo was never on the schedule. Back on Earth, the image ran in newspapers worldwide and is widely credited with helping launch the modern environmental movement, giving people their first real look at how fragile and alone their home planet truly is.