Culture Culture 5 min read

TO SERVE AND PROTECT

Freeze! Do You Remember These 10 Iconic Fictional Cops?

Image: Zac Ong

There are few universal laws in films and television, but perhaps one we can all agree on is that crime doesn’t pay. Well, at least if these iconic fictional cops and detectives have to say anything about it. Since the invention of the genre, generations of actors and actresses have portrayed tough but fair detectives on the silver screen.

We have gathered ten of the most memorable fictional cops and detectives who have inspired millions of Americans throughout the decades. So keep on reading and remember to avoid breaking any laws in front of these agents of justice. Enjoy!

1
Harry Calahan - "Dirty Harry"

Image: Nejc Soklič

We’ll begin with one of the hardest cops on this list (and that’s saying a lot). Clint Eastwood’s career is filled with awards and recognition for his remarkable acting and filmmaking skills. Still, we can all agree that he will always be remembered for his no-nonsense, tough-as-nails portrayal of Inspector "Dirty" Harry Callahan.

Although Eastwood has played Callahan in five different films, his first appearance in the 1971 film "Dirty Harry" is perhaps the most memorable. After all, we can all remember that calm yet intimidating demeanor and iconic catchphrase, "Do you feel lucky, punk?"

2
John McClane - "Die Hard"

Image: Matt The Artist

We are not going to get into the timeless debate of whether "Die Hard" is a Christmas film, mostly because, whether this film gets you in the holiday spirit or not, no one can deny that Detective John McClane is a grade-A, certified tough cop.

Perhaps Bruce Willis’ most memorable performance, McClane has found himself in his fair share of dangerous situations throughout five films. However, perhaps the first "Die Hard" movie showcases this detective’s incredible antics : Trapped inside the unbreachable Nakatomi Tower, McClane makes it his job to deal with a small army of robbers by himself.

3
Lennie Briscoe - "Law and Order"

Image: Tingey Injury Law Firm

With over a thousand episodes and more than ten different series, it’s fairly easy to forget a character or two from the iconic "Law and Order" franchise. However, no true fan of this fantastic series will ever be able to forget Detective Lennie Briscoe, wonderfully portrayed by Jerry Orbach.

Starting in season 3, Briscoe was a seasoned and relatable detective focused on solving crimes in New York City. While Orbach sadly passed away in 2004, his legacy will forever live on whenever Detective Lennie Briscoe solves a case.

4
Frank Columbo - "Columbo"

Image: Volodymyr Hryshchenko

Actor Peter Falk’s devotion to Lieutenant Frank Columbo drove him to portray this legendary detective for over 40 years. Few TV characters are as instantly recognizable as Columbo, whether through his beige raincoat, cigar, and iconic catchphrase, "Just one more thing".

Frank Columbo truly cemented himself as one of the quintessential TV cops , allowing countless other characters to be born. Should you ever find yourself in the Hungarian city of Budapest, look for a bronze statue of Columbo, alongside his faithful basset hound simply named "Dog".

5
Jim Malone - The Untouchables

Image: Jennie Clavel

Sean Connery’s portrayal of Irish-American veteran cop Jim Malone earned him a well-deserved Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . And, to be perfectly honest, Brian De Palma’s 1987 film "The Untouchables" would not be the same without Malone’s dry humor and detective skills.

Set in 1930s Chicago, "The Untouchables" describes the crusade embarked on by Prohibition agent Elliot Ness against legendary mobster Al Capone. The first addition to Ness’ team of "Untouchables", Malone contributes his expertise and strong moral compass to take down this crime kingpin.

6
Frank Bullit - "Bullitt"

Image: Jan-Philipp Thiele

There’s a reason why legendary actor Steve McQueen was known as "The King of Cool" : His charisma and unflinching determination truly earned him a place in film history. In that sense, his portrayal of San Francisco police detective Frank Bullitt helped build his legacy as one of Hollywood’s coolest actors.

In "Bullit", McQueen’s character pursues a group of mobsters guilty of killing a witness he was assigned to protect. And when we say "pursue", we say it in the most literal of meanings: This movie features one of the best chase scenes ever recorded, with Bullitt relentlessly driving his now-iconic green Ford Mustang.

7
Martin Riggs and Murtaugh - Lethal Weapon

Image: Will Porada

We know we might be cheating by including two characters in one entry, but we simply couldn’t separate this iconic crime-fighting duo . Mel Gibson and Danny Glover played this odd couple of detectives in four different films (with a fifth one in development), forever cementing themselves as the essential "buddy cop" two-man army.

Perhaps what’s more appealing about these characters is how opposite they seem to be : Riggs (portrayed by Gibson) is a young, reckless loose cannon, while Murtaugh is an older, more experienced detective. However different their methods might be, detectives Murtaugh and Riggs are truly a force to be reckoned with.

8
Sam Spade - "The Maltese Falcon"

Image: Michelle Ding

It’s no secret that Humphrey Boggart is considered royalty by the acting world. Among his many acting credits, private detective Sam Spade is credited with breathing new life into the detective genre. To this day, Boggart’s portrayal of Spade in "The Maltese Falcon" is considered the biggest influence on the archetypical private detective character.

Based on Dashiell Hammett’s novel of the same name, "The Maltese Falcon" features Spade’s misadventures with three untrustworthy adventurers seeking a valuable falcon statue . This detective’s dry wit and moral ambiguity are part of what makes Boggart’s performance so unforgettable.

9
Thomas Magnum - "Magnum, P.I."

Image: Philippe Bout

Up until now, we have focused on gritty detectives, characters with a slightly dark side and tormented by some aspects of their busy lives. So, why don’t we take a breather and focus on a lighter detective, a charming and witty investigator driving a red Ferrari around the sunny streets of Hawaii? Meet Thomas Magnum (full name Thomas Sullivan Magnum IV), Tom Selleck’s iconic character from "Magnum P.I."

Many consider "Magnum P.I." to be the ultimate 80s show and, while that title might go to the final entry of this article, there’s no denying that this adventurous detective has become an essential pop culture icon.

10
Sonny Crocket & Rico Tubbs - "Miami Vice"

Image: Ussama Azam

Speaking of the 80s, how could we reference this wonderful decade without talking about the most stylish detective duo in history? "Miami Vice" introduced the world to the crime-fighting adventures of James "Sonny" Crockett and Ricardo "Rico" Tubbs, two undercover detectives hellbent on battling Miami’s seedy underbelly.

Legend has it that, during a brainstorming session, a producer simply wrote "MTV Cops" on a memo, without knowing that this piece of paper would be the jumping point of one of the most iconic shows in history. Don Johnson’s portrayal of Detective Crockett is particularly remembered for its impact on 80s culture.

Geography Geography 6 min read

Sub-America

Did you know there are hidden underground cities in the US?

Image: Harrison Haines

Some cities are so top secret they can’t even be found on a map. Subterranean cities have existed throughout human history, and in the United States, we have a few amazing examples. Some are bunkers built during the Cold War to survive nuclear attacks, others were born as ingenious alternatives to escape extreme weather conditions. Whether they are hidden inside a mountain or buried deep underground, here are 12 subterranean places in America that are hidden in plain sight.

1
Raven Rock Mountain Complex

Image: Ilagam

Did you know that in the 1950s, the US government carved out a secret underground city that could survive a nuclear attack? It’s called an "underground Pentagon", and very much like Area 51, it is one of the government's most classified projects.

This military complex and nuclear bunker is located near Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania, 768 feet below the ground. It’s protected by 23.5 ft thick 30-ton doors built on top of springs to survive the shock from a blast. Raven Rock has five buildings with 15 floors big enough to live and work. The base has everything it needs to keep running, like a cafeteria, a barbershop, water generators, and even a medical center.

2
SubTropolis

Image: mwewering

Below Kansas City, Missouri, lies the world's largest underground business complex. SubTropolis is a structure located inside a mine north of the Missouri River. It was carved out of limestone some 135 to 185 feet underground and covers a total of 55 million square feet.

Kansas City Chiefs founder Lamar Hunt built this subterranean city in the 1960s. It has offices, storage space, and even factories. Over 1,600 people work here every day, largely because SubTropolis remains cool all year, making it an ideal location for businesses. Fun fact: some of Hollywood’s most beloved masterpieces are kept here, including the original film reels of Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz.

3
Underground Atlanta

Image: Ronny Sison

Underground Atlanta is a historic spot in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. It was built in the late 1800s, right after the Civil War, as a commercial district centered around the railroad. In the 1920s, viaducts were built and the streets were raised, creating a second level of streets, buildings, and shops.

During Prohibition, the abandoned underground space served as the best spot for speakeasies and juke joints. For decades, people forgot about the hidden city, but in the 1960s, it was brought back to life as a fun place for music bars and nightlife.

4
New York City Subterranean World

Image: Photographer: unknown, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Under America’s most populous city, there's a whole hidden world. For example, beneath Little Italy and the Public Library, there are secret vaults. Beyond the subway millions of people use daily, there is City Hall station, opened in 1904 and closed in 1945. It's a hidden gem with stained glass and mosaics that you can still visit by staying on the 6 train past the last stop.

But that’s not all! There are trading tunnels in SoHo and old cattle tunnels in the Meatpacking District. Also, in 1897, there were mail tubes built around the city to send letters between post offices that operated until the 1950s. Some of these underground spaces go as deep as 800 feet!

5
Permafrost Tunnel Research Facility

Image: Paxson Woelber

A large part of the land in the northern hemisphere is Permafrost, so it makes sense that there is a research facility specially built to study it. The Permafrost Tunnel in Alaska is the best place to learn about frozen soil that's over 40,000 years old.

The long tunnel was dug from 1963 to 1969 to study how to build and mine in frozen environments. Inside the facility, scientists study ice, ancient plants, and even bones from animals like mammoths. The tunnel shows different layers of earth, uncovering frozen ground from different time periods that help scientists anticipate what might happen as the world gets warmer.

6
The Greenbrier Bunker

Image: Alex Holzreiter

The Greenbrier Bunker in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, is a secret underground facility beneath a luxury hotel that has hosted numerous US presidents and famous guests. It was built during the Cold War to protect the US Congress in the event of a nuclear attack. The bunker was designed to house all 535 members of Congress and their staff for a long time.

This classified underground facility remained a secret until 1992, when a Washington Post article exposed it. Today, visitors can take tours to see special rooms, blast doors, and decontamination areas.

7
The Caverns

Image: jymy duhomme

Would you attend a concert underground? If you travel to Tennessee is totally possible! The Caverns, formerly known as Bluegrass Underground, is a very cool spot in Grundy County, Tennessee. Lying deep in a cave 333 feet underground, this concert venue with natural acoustics is the perfect place for live music.

People come from all over to hear a variety of performances, especially Bluegrass music. The Caverns can accommodate up to 1,200 people standing up and are equipped with state-of-the-art sound and lights. The cave's cool and quiet atmosphere makes the experience extra special!

8
Crystal City Underground

Image: Gustavo Alejandro Espinosa Reyes

Beneath the neighborhood of Crystal City, near Washington, DC, lies a network of shops, restaurants, and offices. It opened in 1976 and was designed to feel like an old shopping village with cobblestone streets and antique glass windows.

The underground space covers 150,000 square feet and connects several buildings. It's a popular spot for office workers and visitors, especially when the weather is bad. Unfortunately, in 2024, the shops closed, ending their retail era. Yet, the underground walkways and connections to the Metro remain open for pedestrians.

9
Los Angeles Prohibition Tunnels

Image: Alpha Perspective

In the 1920s, during Prohibition, people had to find ingenious ways around the restrictions on selling and consuming alcohol. That's why they built about 11 miles of underground tunnels right under Los Angeles.

Many of these subterranean sites are now closed, but you can still find a few hidden entrances around the city. You can even go on a tour to explore the tunnels and learn about their secret history.

10
Havre Beneath the Streets

Image: Đào Việt Hoàng

After a big fire in 1904 destroyed Havre’s business district in Montana, many shops moved underground. They used the old steam tunnels to stay safe from fires and bad weather. For years, the tunnels were busy with people and stores, such as saloons, drugstores, laundromats, and even a brothel. But today it is completely silent.

Fortunately, you can still visit what is left of this hidden city to see old shops and learn how people stayed safe and worked over 100 years ago. It's like going back in time!

11
Cheyenne Mountain Complex

Image: See page for author, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

One of the safest places in the world is right here in America, more specifically in El Paso County, Colorado. Hidden inside a mountain, Cheyenne Mountain Complex was built in the 1960s to protect the US military from nuclear attacks.

The bunker stands under 2,000 feet of solid Granite, making it super strong and safe. It was once the command center for NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command). The complex has blast doors that weigh 25 tons each and can withstand a nuclear blast. It also has its own power, water, and food supply. People could survive there for months!

12
Forestiere Underground Gardens

Image: Levi Clancy, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons

A Sicilian immigrant called Baldassare Forestiere spent 40 years digging and building a series of subterranean structures by hand in Fresno, California. Inspired by Roman catacombs and old wine cellars, he created around 65 rooms, tunnels, and courtyards to escape the hot summer sun.

The Gardens have fruit trees, grapevines, fishponds, and even a chapel. Some of the trees are more than 90 years old! Today, Forestiere Underground Gardens is a Historical Landmark you can visit if you want to discover a true underground paradise.

Geography Geography 5 min read

Southern charm

Howdy y’all! 10 fascinating facts about the American South

Image: Blake Emge

It would be impossible to capture the essence of American culture without considering its Southern states. With a rich history and breathtaking landscapes, the South is a cornerstone of America’s identity , no matter where you call home. And, as the birthplace of some of the most influential trends in American music, as well as the setting for many historical milestones, few regions have contributed this much to our nation’s heritage. Join us on a fun road trip as we explore 10 intriguing facts about the American South —from blues music to rocket science!

1
Musical roots

Image: Ahmed Rizkhaan

The American South is the birthplace of some of the most influential music genres in history, including blues and jazz. The blues, which originated in the Mississippi Delta in the late 19th century, captured the deep emotional and social experiences of African Americans in the post-Reconstruction South.

As the blues spread throughout the country, its rhythms and melodies laid the groundwork for jazz, which emerged in the vibrant streets of New Orleans in the early 20th century. These new sounds created a new musical language that favored improvisation and complex rhythms. By the 1920s, jazz had become a defining feature of American culture, solidifying the South's role as a cradle of American music.

2
The Lone Star state

Image: Perry Merrity II

Before joining the United States, Texas was an independent nation known as the Republic of Texas. After winning its independence from Mexico in 1836, Texas existed as a sovereign state for nearly a decade, with its own president, currency, and military.

The Lone Star flag, first adopted during this period, symbolized Texas's independent spirit and remains a proud emblem of the state today. Although the Republic of Texas was short-lived, with Texas officially becoming the 28th state of the Union in 1845, its legacy endures in the fierce yet friendly spirit of its inhabitants.

3
First successful powered flight

Image: History in HD

Although the Wright brothers were native Ohioans, the first successful powered flight took place in North Carolina on December 17, 1903. The historic flight occurred in the sand dunes of Kitty Hawk, where the Wright brothers chose to test their aircraft due to the area's steady winds and soft landing surfaces.

The achievement marked a pivotal moment in aviation history, proving that controlled, powered flight was possible. The site of this groundbreaking event is now commemorated by the Wright Brothers National Memorial.

4
Southern hospitality

Image: Aleks Marinkovic

Southern hospitality is more than just a stereotype—it's a deeply rooted tradition that has shaped the culture of the American South for centuries. This ethos of politeness, generosity, and warmth towards guests can be traced back to the region’s agrarian past, where communities were often isolated and people relied on one another for support.

This tradition was further reinforced over time by particular social customs, such as the importance of entertaining visitors with elaborate meals and ensuring that guests feel like part of the family. Southern hospitality is so integral to the region's identity that it’s become a hallmark of the South.

5
Mississippi River

Image: Mathew Benoit

Spanning over 2,300 miles, the Mississippi River is the second-longest river in the United States and plays a critical role in the nation’s geography and economy. Flowing from its source in Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico, it traverses ten states, including several Southern states like Louisiana, Mississippi, and Arkansas.

A vital artery for transportation and commerce since the early days of American history, the Mississippi also played a crucial role during the Civil War, with control of the river being a strategic priority for both Union and Confederate forces. To this day, the river continues to be a key waterway, supporting local industries and remaining a central part of the cultural and ecological identity of the region.

6
Oldest city in America

Image: Michael J. Vega

St. Augustine, Florida, holds the title of the oldest continuously occupied city of European origin in the United States. Founded in 1565 by Spanish explorer Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, St. Augustine predates the founding of Jamestown and Plymouth by several decades.

As a strategic outpost for the Spanish Empire, the city played a crucial role in defending Spain’s claims to the New World, particularly against British and French incursions. The Castillo de San Marcos, a massive stone fortress completed in 1695, still stands as a testament to the region's rich history.

7
Southern delights

Image: Alex Haney

Southern cuisine, known for dishes like fried chicken, barbecue, and biscuits, is considered a cornerstone of American food culture. In fact, the popularity of Southern food has spread nationwide, with restaurants and festivals celebrating these flavors from coast to coast.

A true melting pot of cultures, the region’s beloved cuisine has a rich history with roots that can be traced back to Native American, African, and European influences. The ingredients reflect the region’s agricultural history, with many recipes using corn or corn-derived products. Southern cuisine also includes iconic dishes like jambalaya and gumbo from Louisiana, which highlight the region’s French and Creole influences.

8
Space pioneers

Image: Brian McGowan

NASA’s southern centers have been pivotal in shaping the U.S. space program. The Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, was crucial in developing the Saturn V rocket that made the moon landing possible. The Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, is the hub for astronaut training and mission control, and the Kennedy Space Center in Florida has been the launch site for every manned mission since 1968.

To this day, the South’s importance in space and scientific endeavors remains uncontested: NASA centers in the region lead astronaut training and are essential for rocket launches, maintaining their status as pioneers of space exploration.

9
Bourbon & Moonshine

Image: Jeff Frank

Bourbon, often considered America's native spirit, has deep roots in the South, particularly in Kentucky, where it is produced under stringent guidelines. To be classified as bourbon, the whiskey must be made from a mash bill of at least 51% corn and aged in new charred oak barrels. This specific process, along with Kentucky’s unique limestone water, gives bourbon its distinctive flavor and character.

But the tradition extends way beyond just bourbon. The craft of homebrewing various types of alcoholic beverages has long been a vital part of the region’s cultural heritage. For example, during Prohibition, the South became notorious for its moonshine —illegally brewed, high-proof spirits (essentially clear, unaged whiskey)—which were smuggled across the country.

10
Southern Drawl

Image: Joe Lavigne

The Southern accent, often referred to as the "Southern drawl," is one of the most recognizable in the United States. This unique dialect evolved from a mix of British, Irish, and African influences during the early settlement of the region.

The drawl's elongated vowels and slow cadence might even reflect the South's agricultural origins, where life moved at a more leisurely pace. The accent has evolved over centuries and is now recognized as a defining feature of Southern identity, often evoking a sense of charm and regional pride.

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